Project descriptionThis educational infographic illustrates the four main types of venom delivery systems found among snake families—Elapidae, Viperidae, Colubridae, and Atractaspididae—using one representative species from each. Designed for a general audience interested in snake physiology, it highlights the anatomical differences in fang structure, venom glands, and delivery mechanisms, showing how the unique effects for each. The piece combines scientific accuracy with clear visual storytelling to make complex comparative anatomy both engaging and accessible.
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role
Research, illustration, labelling and layout
tools used
intended use and audience
Educational infographic poster for lay audiences interested in snake physiology and behaviour.
references
Alape-Girón A et al. Snake venomics of the Bothrops genus: comparative analysis of venom proteomes. J Proteomics. 2008.
Barlow A, Pook CE, Harrison RA, Wüster W. Co-evolution of diet and prey-specific toxicity in pit vipers. Proc R Soc B. 2009. Casewell NR, Wüster W, Vonk FJ, Harrison RA, Fry BG. Complex cocktails: the evolutionary novelty of venoms. Trends Ecol Evol. 2013. Casewell NR et al. Medically important differences in snake venom composition are dictated by distinct postgenomic mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014. Daltry JC, Wüster W, Thorpe RS. Diet and snake venom evolution. Nature. 1996. Fry BG et al. Evolution of an arsenal: structural and functional diversification of the venom system in advanced snakes (Caenophidia). Mol Cell Proteomics. 2008. Fry BG. Venomous Reptiles and Their Toxins: Evolution, Pathophysiology, and Biodiscovery. Oxford University Press. 2015. Gans C, Elliot WB. Snake venoms: production, chemistry, and action. Adv Biol Med Phys. 1968. Jackson K. How tubular venom-conducting fangs are formed. J Morphol. 2003. Jackson K, Fritts TH. Evidence from tooth surface morphology for a posterior maxillary origin of the proteroglyph fang. Amphibia-Reptilia. 1995. Kardong KV. Evolution of the venom apparatus in snakes. BioScience. 1982. Kochva E. The origin of snakes and evolution of the venom apparatus. Toxicon. 1987. Mackessy SP. Handbook of Venoms and Toxins of Reptiles. CRC Press. 2010. Mackessy SP, Williams K, Ashton KG. Ontogenetic variation in venom composition and diet of the midget faded rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus concolor). Toxicon. 2003. Mirtschin PJ, Masci P, Paton DC. Venomous Snakes of the World. CSIRO Publishing. 2017. O’Donnell MJ, Mendez R. Physiology of snake venom production and storage. Comp Biochem Physiol A. 1986. Sasa M. Diet and snake venom evolution: can local selection alone explain intraspecific venom variation? Toxicon. 1999. Vonk FJ et al. The king cobra genome reveals dynamic gene evolution and adaptation in the snake venom system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013. Weinstein SA, White J, Keyler DE, Warrell DA. Venomous Snakes of the World: A Manual for Use by U.S. Amphibious Forces. CRC Press. 2011. Wüster W et al. Venomous snakes and evolution of venom composition: insights from comparative transcriptomics. BMC Evol Biol. 2011. Young BA, Zahn K. Venom flow in rattlesnakes: mechanics and functional morphology of the venom delivery system. Zool J Linn Soc. 2001. Zaher H, Rieppel O. Tooth implantation and replacement in squamates, with special reference to mosasaur lizards and snakes. Am Mus Novit. 1999. Zelanis A, Tashima AK, Rocha MMT. Snake venom proteomics and the evolution of the venom system in reptiles. Biochimie. 2016. |
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